vcsel

photonforge.abstract.vcsel(*, quantum_efficiency=0.55, spontaneous_emission_factor=1e-4, carrier_lifetime=1e-9, gain_compression_factor=-5, transparency_carrier_density=6, differential_gain=.05, n_group=3.6, linewidth_enhancement_factor=3.0, confinement_factor=0.04, photon_lifetime=2.5e-12, active_region_volume=471, rel_intensity_noise=0, linewidth=0, thermal_impedance=2.0e3, thermal_time_constant=1e-6, characteristic_temperature=65.0, gain_temperature_coefficient=3.5e-3, injection_temperature=66.0, dwavelength_dT=.5e-5, turn_on_voltage=1.6, series_resistance=0.0, reflection=0, z0=None, seed=None)[source]

Abstract vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser.

Based on photonforge.DMLaserTimeStepper.

Parameters:

  • quantum_efficiency (Annotated[float, minimum=0]) – Differential quantum efficiency, which sets the slope efficiency.

  • spontaneous_emission_factor (Annotated[float, minimum=0]) – Fraction of spontaneous emission coupled into the lasing mode.

  • carrier_lifetime (Annotated[float, exclusiveMinimum=0, units='s']) – Carrier lifetime.

  • gain_compression_factor (Annotated[float, minimum=0, units='μm³']) – Nonlinear gain suppression coefficient.

  • transparency_carrier_density (Annotated[float, minimum=0, units='μm⁻³']) – Carrier density at transparency.

  • differential_gain (Annotated[float, minimum=0, units='nm²']) – Gain cross-section.

  • n_group (Annotated[float, minimum=0]) – Group index of the cavity mode.

  • linewidth_enhancement_factor (Annotated[float, minimum=0]) – Henry factor coupling gain to phase.

  • confinement_factor (Annotated[float, exclusiveMinimum=0]) – Optical confinement factor.

  • photon_lifetime (Annotated[float, exclusiveMinimum=0, units='s']) – Cavity photon lifetime.

  • active_region_volume (Annotated[float, exclusiveMinimum=0, units='μm³']) – Volume of the active region, which together with the carrier lifetime sets the threshold current.

  • rel_intensity_noise (Annotated[float, minimum=0, units='1/Hz']) – One-sided relative intensity noise.

  • linewidth (Annotated[float, minimum=0, units='Hz']) – Lorentzian linewidth used for phase noise.

  • thermal_impedance (Annotated[float, minimum=0, units='K/W']) – Junction-to-ambient thermal resistance. Zero disables self-heating.

  • thermal_time_constant (Annotated[float, exclusiveMinimum=0, units='s']) – Thermal time constant.

  • characteristic_temperature (Annotated[float, minimum=0, units='K']) – \(T_0\), for the threshold rise.

  • gain_temperature_coefficient (Annotated[float, minimum=0, units='1/K']) – Fractional gain loss per kelvin.

  • injection_temperature (Annotated[float, minimum=0, units='K']) – \(T_1\), for carrier leakage.

  • dwavelength_dT (Annotated[float, units='μm/K']) – Emission wavelength drift per kelvin.

  • turn_on_voltage (Annotated[float, minimum=0, units='V']) – Diode voltage drop.

  • series_resistance (Annotated[float, minimum=0, units='Ω']) – Series resistance.

  • reflection (complex) – Reflection coefficient for fields incident on the optical port.

  • z0 (Annotated[complex, units='Ω'] | None) – Reference impedance of the electrical port.

  • seed (Annotated[int, minimum=0] | None) – Random number generator seed.

Returns:

Component with one optical and one electrical port.

Return type:

Component