abstract.vcsel

vcsel(
    *,
    quantum_efficiency: Annotated[float, minimum=0] = 0.55,
    spontaneous_emission_factor: Annotated[float, minimum=0] = 0.0001,
    carrier_lifetime: Annotated[
        float, exclusiveMinimum=0, units='s'
    ] = 1e-09,
    gain_compression_factor: Annotated[
        float, minimum=0, units='μm³'
    ] = 2e-05,
    transparency_carrier_density: Annotated[
        float, minimum=0, units='μm⁻³'
    ] = 1500000.0,
    differential_gain: Annotated[float, minimum=0, units='nm²'] = 0.05,
    n_group: Annotated[float, minimum=0] = 3.6,
    linewidth_enhancement_factor: Annotated[float, minimum=0] = 3.0,
    confinement_factor: Annotated[float, exclusiveMinimum=0] = 0.04,
    photon_lifetime: Annotated[
        float, exclusiveMinimum=0, units='s'
    ] = 2.5e-12,
    active_region_volume: Annotated[
        float, exclusiveMinimum=0, units='μm³'
    ] = 0.471,
    rel_intensity_noise: Annotated[float, minimum=0, units='1/Hz'] = 0,
    linewidth: Annotated[float, minimum=0, units='Hz'] = 0,
    thermal_impedance: Annotated[float, minimum=0, units='K/W'] = 2000.0,
    thermal_time_constant: Annotated[
        float, exclusiveMinimum=0, units='s'
    ] = 1e-06,
    characteristic_temperature: Annotated[
        float, minimum=0, units='K'
    ] = 65.0,
    gain_temperature_coefficient: Annotated[
        float, minimum=0, units='1/K'
    ] = 0.0035,
    injection_temperature: Annotated[float, minimum=0, units='K'] = 66.0,
    dwavelength_dT: Annotated[float, units='μm/K'] = 6.5e-05,
    turn_on_voltage: Annotated[float, minimum=0, units='V'] = 1.6,
    series_resistance: Annotated[float, minimum=0, units='Ω'] = 90.0,
    reflection: complex = 0,
    z0: Annotated[complex, units='Ω'] | None = None,
    seed: Annotated[int, minimum=0] | None = None,
) -> photonforge.Component

Abstract vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser.

Based on DMLaserTimeStepper.

Args

• quantum_efficiency: Differential quantum efficiency, which sets the slope efficiency.
• spontaneous_emission_factor: Fraction of spontaneous emission coupled into the lasing mode.
• carrier_lifetime: Carrier lifetime.
• gain_compression_factor: Nonlinear gain suppression coefficient.
• transparency_carrier_density: Carrier density at transparency.
• differential_gain: Gain cross-section.
• n_group: Group index of the cavity mode.
• linewidth_enhancement_factor: Henry factor coupling gain to phase.
• confinement_factor: Optical confinement factor.
• photon_lifetime: Cavity photon lifetime.
• active_region_volume: Volume of the active region, which together with the carrier lifetime sets the threshold current.
• rel_intensity_noise: One-sided relative intensity noise.
• linewidth: Lorentzian linewidth used for phase noise.
• thermal_impedance: Junction-to-ambient thermal resistance. Zero disables self-heating.
• thermal_time_constant: Thermal time constant.
• characteristic_temperature: $T_0$, for the threshold rise.
• gain_temperature_coefficient: Fractional gain loss per kelvin.
• injection_temperature: $T_1$, for carrier leakage.
• dwavelength_dT: Emission wavelength drift per kelvin.
• turn_on_voltage: Diode voltage drop.
• series_resistance: Series resistance.
• reflection: Reflection coefficient for fields incident on the optical port.
• z0: Reference impedance of the electrical port.
• seed: Random number generator seed.

Returns

Component with one optical and one electrical port.