Scattering matrix plugin

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This notebook will give a demo of the tidy3d ComponentModeler plugin used to compute scattering matrix elements.

# make sure notebook plots inline
%matplotlib inline
# standard python imports
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import os
import gdspy

# tidy3D imports
import tidy3d as td
from tidy3d import web

# set tidy3d to only print error information to reduce verbosity
td.config.logging_level = "error"

[17:44:30] INFO     Using client version: 1.8.0                               __init__.py:112

Setup

We will simulate a directional coupler, similar to the GDS and Parameter scan tutorials.

Let’s start by setting up some basic parameters.

# wavelength / frequency
lambda0 = 1.550  # all length scales in microns
freq0 = td.constants.C_0 / lambda0
fwidth = freq0 / 10

# Spatial grid specification
grid_spec = td.GridSpec.auto(min_steps_per_wvl=14, wavelength=lambda0)

# Permittivity of waveguide and substrate
wg_n = 3.48
sub_n = 1.45
mat_wg = td.Medium(permittivity=wg_n**2)
mat_sub = td.Medium(permittivity=sub_n**2)

# Waveguide dimensions

# Waveguide height
wg_height = 0.22
# Waveguide width
wg_width = 1.0
# Waveguide separation in the beginning/end
wg_spacing_in = 8
# length of coupling region (um)
coup_length = 6.0
# spacing between waveguides in coupling region (um)
wg_spacing_coup = 0.05
# Total device length along propagation direction
device_length = 100
# Length of the bend region
bend_length = 16
# Straight waveguide sections on each side
straight_wg_length = 4
# space between waveguide and PML
pml_spacing = 2

Define waveguide bends and coupler

Here is where we define our directional coupler shape programmatically in terms of the geometric parameters

def bend_pts(bend_length, width, npts=10):
    """Set of points describing a tanh bend from (0, 0) to (length, width)"""
    x = np.linspace(0, bend_length, npts)
    y = width * (1 + np.tanh(6 * (x / bend_length - 0.5))) / 2
    return np.stack((x, y), axis=1)


def arm_pts(length, width, coup_length, bend_length, npts_bend=30):
    """Set of points defining one arm of an integrated coupler"""
    ### Make the right half of the coupler arm first
    # Make bend and offset by coup_length/2
    bend = bend_pts(bend_length, width, npts_bend)
    bend[:, 0] += coup_length / 2
    # Add starting point as (0, 0)
    right_half = np.concatenate(([[0, 0]], bend))
    # Add an extra point to make sure waveguide is straight past the bend
    right_half = np.concatenate((right_half, [[right_half[-1, 0] + 0.1, width]]))
    # Add end point as (length/2, width)
    right_half = np.concatenate((right_half, [[length / 2, width]]))

    # Make the left half by reflecting and omitting the (0, 0) point
    left_half = np.copy(right_half)[1:, :]
    left_half[:, 0] = -left_half[::-1, 0]
    left_half[:, 1] = left_half[::-1, 1]

    return np.concatenate((left_half, right_half), axis=0)


def make_coupler(
    length,
    wg_spacing_in,
    wg_width,
    wg_spacing_coup,
    coup_length,
    bend_length,
    npts_bend=30,
):
    """Make an integrated coupler using the gdspy FlexPath object."""

    # Compute one arm of the coupler
    arm_width = (wg_spacing_in - wg_width - wg_spacing_coup) / 2
    arm = arm_pts(length, arm_width, coup_length, bend_length, npts_bend)
    # Reflect and offset bottom arm
    coup_bot = np.copy(arm)
    coup_bot[:, 1] = -coup_bot[::-1, 1] - wg_width / 2 - wg_spacing_coup / 2
    # Offset top arm
    coup_top = np.copy(arm)
    coup_top[:, 1] += wg_width / 2 + wg_spacing_coup / 2

    # Create waveguides as GDS paths
    path_bot = gdspy.FlexPath(coup_bot, wg_width, layer=1, datatype=0)
    path_top = gdspy.FlexPath(coup_top, wg_width, layer=1, datatype=1)

    return [path_bot, path_top]

Create Base Simulation

The scattering matrix tool requires the “base” Simulation (without the modal sources or monitors used to compute S-parameters), so we will construct that now.

We generate the structures and add a FieldMonitor so we can inspect the field patterns.

gdspy.current_library = gdspy.GdsLibrary()
lib = gdspy.GdsLibrary()

# Geometry must be placed in GDS cells to import into Tidy3D
coup_cell = lib.new_cell("Coupler")

substrate = gdspy.Rectangle(
    (-device_length / 2, -wg_spacing_in / 2 - 10),
    (device_length / 2, wg_spacing_in / 2 + 10),
    layer=0,
)
coup_cell.add(substrate)

# Add the coupler to a gdspy cell
gds_coup = make_coupler(
    device_length, wg_spacing_in, wg_width, wg_spacing_coup, coup_length, bend_length
)
coup_cell.add(gds_coup)

# Substrate
[oxide_geo] = td.PolySlab.from_gds(
    gds_cell=coup_cell, gds_layer=0, gds_dtype=0, slab_bounds=(-10, 0), axis=2
)

oxide = td.Structure(geometry=oxide_geo, medium=mat_sub)

# Waveguides (import all datatypes if gds_dtype not specified)
coupler1_geo, coupler2_geo = td.PolySlab.from_gds(
    gds_cell=coup_cell, gds_layer=1, slab_bounds=(0, wg_height), axis=2
)

coupler1 = td.Structure(geometry=coupler1_geo, medium=mat_wg)

coupler2 = td.Structure(geometry=coupler2_geo, medium=mat_wg)

# Simulation size along propagation direction
sim_length = 2 * straight_wg_length + 2 * bend_length + coup_length

# Spacing between waveguides and PML
sim_size = [
    sim_length,
    wg_spacing_in + wg_width + 2 * pml_spacing,
    wg_height + 2 * pml_spacing,
]

# source
src_pos = sim_length / 2 - straight_wg_length / 2

# in-plane field monitor (optional, increases required data storage)
domain_monitor = td.FieldMonitor(
    center=[0, 0, wg_height / 2], size=[td.inf, td.inf, 0], freqs=[freq0], name="field"
)

# initialize the simulation
sim = td.Simulation(
    size=sim_size,
    grid_spec=grid_spec,
    structures=[oxide, coupler1, coupler2],
    sources=[],
    monitors=[domain_monitor],
    run_time=50 / fwidth,
    boundary_spec=td.BoundarySpec.all_sides(boundary=td.PML()),
)

f, (ax1, ax2) = plt.subplots(1, 2, tight_layout=True, figsize=(15, 10))
ax1 = sim.plot(z=wg_height / 2, ax=ax1)
ax2 = sim.plot(x=src_pos, ax=ax2)

<Figure size 1080x720 with 2 Axes>

Setting up Scattering Matrix Tool

Now, to use the S matrix tool, we need to defing the spatial extent of the “ports” of our system using Port objects.

These ports will be converted into modal sources and monitors later, so they require both some mode specification and a definition of the direction that points into the system.

We’ll also give them names to refer to later.

from tidy3d.plugins.smatrix.smatrix import Port

num_modes = 1

port_right_top = Port(
    center=[src_pos, wg_spacing_in / 2, wg_height / 2],
    size=[0, 4, 2],
    mode_spec=td.ModeSpec(num_modes=num_modes),
    direction="-",
    name="right_top",
)

port_right_bot = Port(
    center=[src_pos, -wg_spacing_in / 2, wg_height / 2],
    size=[0, 4, 2],
    mode_spec=td.ModeSpec(num_modes=num_modes),
    direction="-",
    name="right_bot",
)

port_left_top = Port(
    center=[-src_pos, wg_spacing_in / 2, wg_height / 2],
    size=[0, 4, 2],
    mode_spec=td.ModeSpec(num_modes=num_modes),
    direction="+",
    name="left_top",
)

port_left_bot = Port(
    center=[-src_pos, -wg_spacing_in / 2, wg_height / 2],
    size=[0, 4, 2],
    mode_spec=td.ModeSpec(num_modes=num_modes),
    direction="+",
    name="left_bot",
)

ports = [port_right_top, port_right_bot, port_left_top, port_left_bot]

Next, we will add the base simulation and ports to the ComponentModeler, along with the frequency of interest and a name for saving the batch of simulations that will get created later.

from tidy3d.plugins.smatrix.smatrix import ComponentModeler

modeler = ComponentModeler(simulation=sim, ports=ports, freq=freq0)

We can plot the simulation with all of the ports as sources to check things are set up correctly.

f, (ax1, ax2) = plt.subplots(1, 2, tight_layout=True, figsize=(15, 10))
ax1 = modeler.plot_sim(z=wg_height / 2, ax=ax1)
ax2 = modeler.plot_sim(x=src_pos, ax=ax2)

<Figure size 1080x720 with 2 Axes>

Solving for the S matrix

With the component modeler defined, we may call it’s .solve() method to run a batch of simulations to compute the S matrix. The tool will loop through each port and create one simulation per mode index (as defined by the mode specifications) where a unique modal source is injected. Each of the ports will also be converted to mode monitors to measure the mode amplitudes and normalization.

smatrix = modeler.run(path_dir="data")

[17:44:43] Started working on Batch.                                         container.py:361

[17:46:26] Batch complete.                                                   container.py:382

Working with Scattering Matrix

The scattering matrix returned by the solve is actually a nested dictionarty relating the port names and mode_indices. For example smatrix[(name1, mode_index1)][(name2, mode_index_2)] gives the complex scattering matrix element.

For example:

smatrix[("left_top", 0)][("right_bot", 0)]

(0.06087233298352686+0.07493848714993241j)

Alternatively, we can convert this into a numpy array:

blocks_cols = []
for (port_name_in, mode_index_in), val_in in smatrix.items():
    blocks_rows = []
    for (port_name_out, mode_index_out), S_in_out in val_in.items():
        blocks_rows.append(S_in_out)
    blocks_cols.append(np.array(blocks_rows))
S = np.stack(blocks_cols)
print(S.shape)

(4, 4)

We can inspect S and note that the diagonal elements are very small indicating low backscattering.

Summing each rows of the matrix should give 1.0 if no power was lost.

np.sum(abs(S) ** 2, axis=0)

array([0.99796977, 0.99796976, 0.99797263, 0.99797265])

Finally, we can check whether S is close to unitary as expected.

S times it’s Hermitian conjugate should be the identy matrix.

mat = S @ (np.conj(S.T))

f, (ax1, ax2, ax3) = plt.subplots(1, 3, tight_layout=True, figsize=(12, 3.5))
imabs = ax1.imshow(abs(mat))
imreal = ax2.imshow(mat.real)
imimag = ax3.imshow(mat.imag)
plt.colorbar(imabs, ax=ax1)
plt.colorbar(imreal, ax=ax2)
plt.colorbar(imimag, ax=ax3)
ax1.set_title("abs{$S^\dagger S$}")
ax2.set_title("real{$S^\dagger S$}")
ax3.set_title("imag{$S^\dagger S$}")
plt.show()

<Figure size 864x252 with 6 Axes>

It looks pretty close, but there seems to indeed be a bit of loss (expected).

Viewing individual Simulation Data

To verify, we may want to take a look the individual simulation data. For that, we can load up the batch and inspect the SimulationData for each task.

f, (ax1, ax2) = plt.subplots(2, 1, tight_layout=True, figsize=(15, 10))
ax1 = modeler.batch.load(path_dir="data")["smatrix_left_top_0"].plot_field(
    "field", "int", z=wg_height / 2, ax=ax1
)
ax2 = modeler.batch.load(path_dir="data")["smatrix_right_bot_0"].plot_field(
    "field", "int", z=wg_height / 2, ax=ax2
)

<Figure size 1080x720 with 4 Axes>

Saving and Loading Results

Finally, we can save and load the component modeler from file to save the results.

FNAME = "data/modeler.json"
modeler.to_file(FNAME)
modeler2 = ComponentModeler.from_file(FNAME)
f, (ax1, ax2) = plt.subplots(2, 1, tight_layout=True, figsize=(15, 10))
ax1 = modeler2.batch.load(path_dir="data")["smatrix_left_top_0"].plot_field(
    "field", "int", z=wg_height / 2, ax=ax1
)
ax2 = modeler2.batch.load(path_dir="data")["smatrix_right_bot_0"].plot_field(
    "field", "int", z=wg_height / 2, ax=ax2
)

<Figure size 1080x720 with 4 Axes>

Element Mappings

If we wish, we can specify mappings between scattering matrix elements that we want to be equal up to a multiplicative factor. We can define these as element_mappings in the ComponentModeler.

As an example, let’s define this element mapping from the example above to enforce that the coupling between bottom left to bottom right should be equal to the coupling between top left to top right.

# these are the "indices" in our scattering matrix
left_top = ("left_top", 0)
right_top = ("right_top", 0)
left_bot = ("left_bot", 0)
right_bot = ("right_bot", 0)

# we define the scattering matrix elements coupling the top ports and bottom ports as pairs of these indices
top_coupling_l2r = (left_top, right_top)
bot_coupling_l2r = (left_bot, right_bot)
top_coupling_r2l = (right_top, left_top)
bot_coupling_r2l = (right_bot, left_bot)

# map the top coupling to the bottom coupling with a multiplicative factor of +1
map_horizontal_l2r = (top_coupling_l2r, bot_coupling_l2r, +1)
map_horizontal_r2l = (top_coupling_r2l, bot_coupling_r2l, +1)

element_mappings = (map_horizontal_l2r, map_horizontal_r2l)

# run the component modeler again
modeler = ComponentModeler(
    simulation=sim, ports=ports, freq=freq0, element_mappings=element_mappings
)
smatrix = modeler.run()

[17:46:50] Started working on Batch.                                         container.py:361

[17:48:34] Batch complete.                                                   container.py:382

The resulting scattering matrix will have the element mappings applied, we can check this explicitly.

# assert that the horizontal couping elements are exactly equal
print(smatrix[left_top][right_top])
print(smatrix[left_bot][right_bot])

assert smatrix[left_top][right_top] == smatrix[left_bot][right_bot]

(0.771130913626143-0.6276043355962995j)
(0.771130913626143-0.6276043355962995j)

Incomplete Scattering Matrix

Finally, to exclude some rows of the scattering matrix, one can supply a run_only paramteter to the ComponentModeler.

run_only contains the scattering matrix indices that the user wants to run as a source. If any indices are excluded, they will not be run.

For example, if one wants to compute scattering matrix elements from only the ports on the left hand side, the run_only could be defined as follows.

run_only = (left_top, left_bot)
modeler = ComponentModeler(simulation=sim, ports=ports, freq=freq0, run_only=run_only)
smatrix = modeler.run()

[17:48:47] Started working on Batch.                                         container.py:361

[17:49:40] Batch complete.                                                   container.py:382

The resulting scattering matrix will have the indices not included in run_only omitted from the keys of the outer dictionary.

print(left_top in smatrix)
print(right_top in smatrix)

True
False